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Arduino and electronic creativity. Study guide
Axliddin Mirzoxidovich Qo'chqorov
Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov
The tutorial discusses the Arduino family, the installation of the Arduino and USB platform program, describes the process of writing sketches, assembling circuits, uploading sketches to a microcontroller, checking the circuit’s operability. Instructions for more than 10 experiments are also provided. The book is addressed to students, masters, university teachers, faculty and other specialists.
Arduino and electronic creativity
Study guide
Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov
Axliddin Mirzoxidovich Qo'chqorov
Editor Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
Editor Obbozjon Xokimovich Qo'ldoshev
Cover design Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
Cover design Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov
Illustrator Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
Illustrator Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov
Illustrator Axliddin Mirzoxidovich Qo'chqorov
Reviewer, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor and Head of the Department of "Technological Education" of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University Salim Madraximovich Otajonov
Reviewer, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor of the Department of "Physics" of the Energy Faculty of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute No'monjon Akramovich Sultonov
Reviewer, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Scientific Research Institute "Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics" at the National University of Uzbekistan Obbozjon Xokimovich Qo'ldoshev
Proofreader Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
Translator Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev
© Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov, 2023
© Axliddin Mirzoxidovich Qo'chqorov, 2023
ISBNВ 978-5-0059-5227-1
Created with Ridero smart publishing system
Preface
Arduino is an electronic designer and aВ convenient platform for the rapid development ofВ electronic devices for students and professionals. The platform has become popular all over the world due toВ the convenience ofВ the programming language, as well as open architecture and program code. It is programmed via the USB port.
Arduino blue-green light board. At its core, Arduino is aВ small personal computer that allows you toВ go beyond the virtual world into the physical world and interact with it. Arduino-based devices can receive information about the environment through various sensors, and can also control various actuators.
Arduino-based device designs can work independently or interact with computer software. Try toВ use our tips, and soon it will all make real sense.
Arduino UNO is a developer board, one of several (Mega, Nano, etc.), based on the ATmega328 microcontroller. It is popular mainly because of its extensive support network and versatility. The Arduino UNO has 14 digital I – O ports, six of which can output PWM. There are also 6 incoming analog ports. There is a 16 MHz generator, a USB port, a power connector, a reset button, and an ICSP connector.
Good luck with your independent project.
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TOВ ARDUINO
The first chapter discusses the appearance ofВ the first microcontrollers, the advantage ofВ Arduino, the history ofВ the creation and development ofВ the Arduino platform.
1.1. Arduino – what is it?
The appearance ofВ the first microcontrollers marked the beginning ofВ aВ new era inВ the development ofВ microprocessor technology. The presence ofВ most system devices inВ one case made the microcontroller similar toВ aВ regular computer. InВ the literature, they are called single-chip microcomputers. Accordingly, the desire toВ use microcontrollers as ordinary computers appeared almost with their appearance. But this desire was restrained byВ many factors. For example, toВ assemble aВ device on aВ microcontroller, you need toВ know the basics ofВ circuit design, the device and operation ofВ aВ particular processor, be able toВ program inВ assembly language and manufacture electronic equipment. Programmers, debuggers and other auxiliary devices will also be required. As aВ result, you cannot do without aВ huge amount ofВ knowledge and expensive equipment. This situation did not allow many amateurs toВ use microcontrollers inВ their projects for aВ long time. Now, with the advent ofВ devices that make it possible toВ work with microcontrollers without having aВ serious material base and knowledge ofВ many subjects, everything has changed. An example ofВ such aВ device is the Arduino project ofВ Italian developers.
Arduino and its clones are kits consisting of a ready-made electronic unit and software. The electronic unit here is a printed circuit board with an installed microcontroller and a minimum of elements necessary for its operation. In fact, the Arduino electronic unit is an analog of the motherboard of a modern computer. It has connectors for connecting external devices, as well as a connector for communicating with a computer, through which the microcontroller is programmed. The features of Atmel’s ATmega microcontrollers used allow programming without the use of special programmers. All you need to create a new electronic device is an Arduino board, a communication cable and a computer. The second part of the Arduino project is software for creating control programs. It combines the simplest development environment and a programming language, which is a variant of the C/C++ language for microcontrollers. It has added elements that allow you to create programs without studying the hardware. So to work with Arduino, it is almost enough to know only the basics of programming in C / C++. Created for Arduino and many libraries containing code that works with various devices.
1.2. The advantage ofВ Arduino!
The user ofВ aВ modern computer does not think about the functioning ofВ individual parts ofВ the PC. He just runs the right programs and works with them. Similarly, Arduino allows the user toВ focus on the development ofВ projects, rather than on studying the device and the principles ofВ functioning ofВ individual elements. There is no need toВ create complete boards and modules. The developer can use ready-made expansion boards or simply directly connect the necessary elements toВ the Arduino. All other efforts will be directed toВ the development and debugging ofВ the control program inВ aВ high-level language. As aВ result, not only professionals got access toВ the development ofВ microprocessor devices, but also just amateurs toВ do something with their own hands. The availability ofВ ready-made modules and software libraries allows non-professionals inВ electronics toВ create ready-made working devices toВ solve their tasks. And the options for using Arduino are limited only byВ the capabilities ofВ the microcontroller and the available version ofВ the board, and, ofВ course, byВ the imagination ofВ the developer.
1.3. History ofВ Arduino creation
In 2002, programmer Massimo Banzi was hired as an associate professor at the Interaction Design Institute of Ivrea (IDII) to promote new ways of developing interactive projects. However, a tiny budget and limited access time to the laboratory base reduced his efforts to almost nothing. In the projects, Banzi used the BASIC Stamp device developed by the California company Parallax. Stamp was a small printed circuit board with a power source, a microcontroller, memory and I/O ports placed on it for connection to various equipment. Programming of the microcontroller was carried out in the BASIC language. BASIC Stamp had two problems: a lack of computing power and a fairly high price – the board with the main components cost about $ 100. And the Banzi team decided to independently create a board that would meet all their needs. Banzi and his staff set themselves the goal of creating a device that is a simple, open and easily accessible development platform, with a price – no more than $ 30 – acceptable for students and youth pockets. They also wanted to highlight their device with something against the background of others. Therefore, in contrast to other manufacturers saving on the number of PCB pins, they decided to add as many as possible, and also made their board blue, unlike conventional green boards. The product that the team created consisted of cheap and affordable components – for example, it was based on the ATmega328 microcontroller. But the main task was to guarantee the operation of the device according to the plug-and-play principle, so that the user, taking the board out of the box and connecting it to the computer, could immediately get to work.
The first prototype of the board was made in 2005, it had a simple design and was not yet called Arduino. A little later, Massimo Banzi came up with the idea to call it so – after the name of a bar belonging to him, located in the city of Ivrea. The Arduino brand, without any advertising and attracting marketing funds, quickly gained high popularity on the Internet. Since the beginning of distribution, more than 250 thousand Arduino kits have been sold, and this is not taking into account the many clones. There are more than two hundred distributors of Arduino products in the world – from large firms such as SparkFun Electronics to small companies working for the local market. Today, the Arduino platform is represented not by one board, but by a whole family of them. In addition to the original project, called Arduino Uno, new models with more powerful means on the board are called Arduino Mega, compact models are Arduino Nano, boards in a waterproof case are LilyPad Arduino, and a new board with a 32—bit Cortex – M3 ARM processor is Arduino Due.
The Arduino project owes its success to the Processing language and the Wiring platform that existed before it. Arduino inherited one strong feature from these projects – a user-friendly development environment. Before the advent of Arduino, programming microcontrollers required complex and routine pre-training. And with Arduino, even those who have no experience with electronic devices can now join the world of electronics. Beginners no longer have to spend a lot of time studying related material – they can quickly develop a prototype that will be fully operational.
According toВ Massimo Banzi, fifty years ago, writing software required aВ team ofВ people inВ white coats who knew everything about electronic lamps. Now, with the advent ofВ Arduino, many people have the opportunity toВ create electronic devices on their own. According toВ one ofВ the members ofВ the Banzi team, telecommunications engineer David Quartills, the philosophy ofВ Arduino is precisely that anyone who wants toВ understand electronics can immediately start studying it, instead ofВ first learning algebra.
Chapter 2. OVERVIEW OFВ ARDUINO FAMILY CONTROLLERS
Chapter 2В provides an overview ofВ Arduino family controllers, drawings and technical parameters.
The main versions ofВ Arduino boards are represented byВ the following models:
· Due – board based on 32-bit ARM microprocessor Cortex-M3 ARM SAM3U4E;
· Leonardo – ATmega32u4 microcontroller board;
В· Uno is the most popular version ofВ the Arduino base platform;
· Duemilanove – ATmega168 or ATmega328 microcontroller board;
В· Diecimila is aВ version ofВ the basic Arduino USB platform;
В· Nano is aВ compact platform used as aВ layout. Nano is connected toВ the computer using aВ USB Mini-B cable;
· Mega ADK – a version of the Mega 2560 board with support for the USB-host interface for communication with Android phones and other devices with USB interface;
· Mega2560 – a board based on the ATmega2560 microcontroller using the ATmega8U2 chip for serial connection via USB port;
· Mega – version of the Mega series based on the ATmega1280 microcontroller;
· Arduino BT – platform with Bluetooth module for wireless communication and programming;
· LilyPad – a platform designed for carrying, can be sewn into fabric;
В· Fio platform is designed for wireless applications. Fio contains an XBee radio connector, aВ LiPo battery connector and aВ built-in charging circuit;
В· Mini0 is the smallest Arduino platform;
В· AВ pro platform designed for experienced users may be part ofВ aВ larger project;
· Pro Mini – like the Pro platform, it is designed for experienced users who need a low price, smaller dimensions and additional functionality.
2.1. Arduino ProВ Mini
Arduino Pro Mini (Fig. 2.1) is built on the ATmega168 microcontroller.
Figure 2.1. Arduino Pro Mini Board
The characteristics ofВ the Arduino Pro Mini board are presented inВ TableВ 2.1.
Arduino Pro Mini can receive power: via an FTDI cable, or from aВ converter board, or from an adjustable 3.3V or 5V power supply (depending on the platform model) via the VCC pin, or from an unregulated source via the RAWВ pin.
Power terminals:
· RAW – for connection of unregulated voltage;
· VCC – for connection of regulated 3.3 V or 5 V;
· GND – ground terminals.
2.2. ArduinoВ Nano
The Nano platform (Fig. 2.2), built on the ATmega328 microcontroller (Arduino Nano 3.0) or ATmega168 (Arduino Nano 2.x), is small inВ size and can be used inВ laboratory work.
Fig. 2.2. Arduino Nano Board
The Arduino Nano can be powered via a USB Mini-B connection, or from an unregulated 6—20 V (pin 30) or an adjustable 5V (pin 27) external power supply. The source with the highest voltage is automatically selected.
The characteristics ofВ the Arduino Nano board are presented inВ TableВ 2.2.
2.3. ArduinoВ Uno
The Arduino Uno controller (Fig. 2.3) is built on the ATmega328 microcontroller. Unlike all previous boards that used the FTDI USB microcontroller for USB communication, the new Arduino Uno uses the ATmega8U2 microcontroller.
Figure 2.3. Arduino Uno Board
The characteristics ofВ the Arduino Uno board are presented inВ TableВ 2.3.
2.4. Arduino Mega2560
The Arduino Mega (Fig. 2.4) is built on the ATmega2560 microcontroller.
Рис. 2.4. Плата Arduino Mega2560
The characteristics ofВ the Arduino Mega2560 board are presented inВ TableВ 2.4.
Chapter 3. DOWNLOADING THE ARDUINO PROGRAM AND DRIVER
3.1. Downloading the Arduino IDE program
Arduino is an electronic designer and aВ convenient platform for the rapid development ofВ electronic devices for beginners and professionals. The platform has become popular all over the world due toВ the convenience ofВ the programming language, as well as open architecture and program code. It is programmed via USB without the use ofВ programmers.
The blue-green board is the Arduino. At its core, Arduino is aВ small personal computer that allows you toВ go beyond the virtual world into the physical world and interact with it. Arduino-based devices can receive information about the environment through various sensors, and can also control various actuators.
Arduino-based device designs can work independently or interact with computer software.
Consider the most popular versions ofВ Arduino (Nano, UNO, Mega,) used inВ the work.
Arduino UNO is aВ developer board, one ofВ several (Mega, Nano, etc.), based on the ATmega328 microcontroller. It is popular mainly because ofВ its extensive support network and versatility.
The Arduino UNO has 14 digital I – O ports, six of which can output PWM. There are also 6 incoming analog ports. There is a 16 MHz generator, a USB port, a power connector, a reset button, and an ICSP connector.
InВ order toВ get started with Arduino, you need toВ go toВ the website arduino.cc and download the Arduino IDE program from the Download section ver 1.8.19, completely free.
Fig.3.1. Computer operating systems
First specify the type ofВ operating system on your computer. Using any browser, enter the following inВ the addressВ bar:
Connect the Arduino Uno board toВ the computer use the USB cable included inВ the kit, connect the Arduino board toВ one ofВ the USB 2.0В connectors ofВ your computer.
3.2. Installing drivers
Depending on which operating system is installed on your computer, you need toВ choose the way toВ install the driver.
Below are the links and installation methods for the Arduino Uno board.
*You should pay very careful attention toВ the selection and installation ofВ drivers.
Installation for Windows
Follow the link below toВ access the installation instructions on aВ Windows computer.
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Windows
Installation for Macintosh OSВ X
There is no need toВ install additional drivers for Mac OS, but you can visit the В«quick startВ» page.
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/MacOSX
Follow the link below toВ access the installation instructions on aВ computer running the Linux operating system.
http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Learning/Linux
Arduino IDE Program Interface:
This is how the Arduino IDE programming environment running on your computer looks like. We are starting toВ get acquainted with its interface. Now we will not touch the code, but only tell you about the purpose ofВ the function keys inВ the program menu.
The following shows the most important commands used inВ new projects, such as check, upload, new, open, save, serial monitor port, sketch name, code drop and message area. Sketches ofВ new projects are checked if loaded correctly. After that, the scheme should work. If the sketch and the diagram are incorrect, then the malfunction is eliminated. After all, the scheme should work.
Fig.3.2. Arduino IDE programming environment
3.3. Graphical user interface and the most important commands
Figure 3.3. Graphical user interface
Figure 3.4. The three most important commands inВ the Arduino IDEВ menu
3.4.Board and Port selection
Figure 3.4. Board and port selection
3.5.Download Arduino sketches
Chapter 4. ARDUINO UNO BOARD, AND ACCESSORIES
4.1. Electrical circuit
An electrical circuit is an unbroken path along which an electric current can flow from the starting point toВ the end point, for example, from plus toВ minus. Electrical circuits can contain resistors, diodes, transistors, motors, and more. The scheme can contain aВ huge number ofВ such elements.
Fig.4.1. Electrical circuit
Circuits are generally divided into three categories: analog circuits, digital circuits, and mixed-signal circuits. InВ this guide, you will explore all three sets ofВ circuits.
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